《中国语言学报》2025年53卷第3期（Journal of Chinese Linguistics Vol. 53, No.3）已出版。下面，我们将推送JCL最新一期（第53卷第3期）文章摘要——
《中国语言学报》（Journal of Chinese Linguistics）
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Articles
A FORMAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHINESE EXCESSIVE RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTION
汉语结果偏离义述补结构的形式化分析
Hongyong Liu
刘鸿勇
澳门大学
Abstract
This paper offers a formal analysis for the Chinese excessive resultative construction such as dòng wā qiǎn le ‘the hole was dug shallower than expected’, and explains why this construction can be used to express the meaning that a scalar expectation has been exceeded. According to the analysis, the Chinese excessive resultative construction describes events of affectedness consisting of two participants, a theme participant and a scale participant. The theme participant is affected according to a pre-determined value on a scale specified by the adjective in the construction, while the process of the event results in an actual value on the same scale. When the actual value exceeds the expected value, the ‘more than expected’ excessive interpretation arises. This analysis crucially hinges upon the assumption that there is a covert comparison between two values on the same scale. If such a comparison cannot be established within a resultative construction, the ‘more than expected’ excessive meaning will not arise.
摘要
本文对“洞挖浅了”这类汉语结果偏离义述补结构进行了形式化分析，并解释了为什么该结构可以用来表达超出预期的含义。本文认为汉语结果偏离义述补结构描述的是由两个参与者组成的影响事件，其中一个参与者为个体，另一个参与者为程度。在事件发生之前，个体参与者在指定的维度上存在一个预定的程度值，而事件的过程最终导致一个实际的程度值。当实际值超过预期值时，就会产生“超过预期”的结果偏离义解读。本文认为汉语结果偏离义述补结构描述的是两个值之间的比较。如果不在补语小句中完成两个值的比较，语义上就不会产生结果超过预期的偏离义解读。
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EVIDENTIALITY, EPISTEMIC MODALITY, AND MOOD: THE HẼ INTERROGATIVE IN CHAOYANG SOUTHERN MIN
示证范畴、认识情态与语气的互动：闽南语潮阳方言的“吓”问句
Yang Xiao
肖阳
上海交通大学
Abstract
The relationship between evidentiality and epistemic modality is one of the most debated topics in relevant research. This study delves into this intricate relationship with a case study of a polarity interrogative construction in the Chaoyang Southern Min dialect, marked by the sentence-final particle hẽ. While hẽ can often be translated as the Mandarin particle ma, instances arise where a direct correspondence fails, and epistemic modal concepts like “bias” or “degree of certainty” are found to be inadequate for explaining these divergences. The crux of the matter lies within the evidentiality domain: hẽ-marked interrogatives must involve a justified inference made by the speaker based on contextual cues. This accounts for both the inquisitive and non-inquisitive usages of hẽ. Evidence from historical materials and comparison across Southern Min dialects suggest that the inferential feature of the hẽ interrogative stems from the condensation of a bi-clausal structure “declarative statement + tag question” into a mono-clausal structure. The usage of hẽ interrogatives encompasses three steps: the speaker’s inference, the assessment of the certainty of both parties, and the act of questioning. Originally devoid of modal meaning, the process of evaluating degree of certainty emerges due to the need for questioning, resulting in modalization of the construction. This demonstrates that interrogative mood is one of the mechanisms driving the interaction between evidentiality and epistemic modality.
摘要
示证范畴与认识情态的关系是相关研究中最具争议的话题之一。闽南语潮阳方言中用语气助词“吓”标记的极性问句鲜明地展现了示证范畴与认识情态的互动关系。“吓”大多时候可以翻译为普通话的“吗”，但二者不对应的地方无法用“倾向性”“确信度”等认识情态相关概念来解释。真正的限制条件是在示证范畴：“吓”标记的问句必须包含一个说话人根据语境线索作出的“有据推断”。“吓”问句的询问用法和非询问用法都受此分布限制。从历史文献和闽南方言比较的证据看，“吓”问句之所以会带推断示证特征，是因为它是由一个“陈述+附加问”的双小句结构单小句化而来的。“吓”问句的使用包含言者推断、评估双方确信度、发问三个步骤。本来无情态的推断示证，因疑问互动的需要而评估命题，变得情态化。这说明疑问语气是促使示证范畴与认识情态互动的机制之一。
DUAL PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN TANGUT
西夏语的双数人称代词
Xiaofang Ma
麻晓芳
北京语言大学
Abstract
This paper proposes the existence of dual personal pronouns in Tangut and speculates that Tangut personal pronouns should be trinomial in singular, dual, and plural, and correspond systematically to the person agreement markers of verbs. There are two first-person dual pronouns in Tangut, 兽萅 gja2.17mjɨ1.30and贿萅 gjɨ2.28mjɨ1.30, the former is inclusive and the latter is exclusive. First-person dual personal pronouns are in the same system as plural pronouns. Both are composed of roots attached with suffixes that indicate numbers. According to the excavated Tangut texts, the dual personal pronouns were not obligatory, appeared infrequently, and tended to appear in secular texts such as poems, proverbs, or dialogues in Buddhist scriptures. Therefore, this paper hypothesizes that the distribution of dual personal pronouns is related to the style of the documents. In addition, the dual suffix萅mjɨ1.30 is a multifunctional morpheme in the Tangut language, which has various functions such as demonstrative pronoun, personal pronoun suffix, transliterated character, etc. The basic meaning of this morpheme is other. When functioning as a dual suffix, the dual pronoun is formed by combining萅mjɨ1.30 with the I meaning roots 兽gja2.17and贿gjɨ2.28, constitute a dual pronoun, from the perspective of both two communicative parties I and other.
摘要
西夏语的人称代词区分第一人称、第二人称的单数及复数。第一人称复数有包括与排除两种形式。在考察大量文献材料及与亲属语言比较的基础上，本文提出西夏语存在双数人称代词，并推测西夏语人称代词应为单数、双数与复数三分，与动词的人称一致关系标记呈系统性对应关系。双数人称代词与人称一致关系标记在出土西夏语文献中并不常见，非强制性使用，复数人称代词有时也可以兼表双数。构成双数代词的后缀萅mjɨ1.30是西夏语中的一个多功能语素，有人称代词数后缀、旁指代词及表音成分等多种功能。其基本义为“他人”，在作为表双数后缀时，从“我”和“非我”的交际双方角度与“我”义词根兽gja2.17与贿gjɨ2.28构成双数代词。
Redefining clause in Chinese: A systemic functional approach
现代汉语小句的重新定义：系统功能语言学路径
Yong Wang
王勇
中山大学
Abstract
This article tries to define the basic structure of the clause in Chinese as the topic-comment structure. This means that topic and comment are the basic and obligatory elements of the clause, and the aboutness relation between them is the sufficient and necessary condition for a clause to stand as such. This definition is more textually oriented, though a clause also expresses an experiential and an interpersonal meaning, alongside its textual meaning. With this definition, we may be able to approach many phenomena and issues that are believed to be characteristic of the Chinese language, including ‘double subject’ clauses and the many syntactic patterns that can be seen as topic-packaging devices. The definition also provides an effective tool to approach clauses, clause complexes, and texts in a unified way.
摘要
本文尝试将汉语小句的基本结构定义为“话题-评述”。这意味着话题与评述是小句必备成分，二者之间的关涉关系是小句成立的充分必要条件。该定义以语篇功能为导向，但小句在体现语篇意义的同时，也承载经验意义与人际意义。基于这一定义，我们可以解释汉语中诸多特有现象与问题，包括“双主语”小句以及可视为话题包装手段的多种句式。该定义还为统一分析小句、小句复合体及语篇提供了有效框架。
TONAL ASSIGNMENT OF CHINESE LETTERED WORDS
汉语字母词的声调指派
Zhihao Wang
王志浩
香港大学
Youngah Do
都柍我
香港大学
Abstract
Research on tonal assignment in Standard Chinese loanwords usually confronts extreme complexity and variety. However, we show that Chinese lettered words display a very clear stress-to-tone match pattern in Beijing Mandarin. Beyond this usual pattern, a default rule and a rule of phonetic contrast maximization also function in tonal assignment. The emergence of these secondary patterns is found to be associated with the specialization degree of words in their meaning and usage. Based on the findings on tonal adaptation patterns of Chinese lettered words, we argue that the complex patterns previously reported from the observations of ordinary Chinese loanwords are in fact results of noise from external factors related to Chinese writing system.
摘要
汉语普通话中借词的声调模式往往具有极高的复杂性和变异性。然而，通过对北京话字母词读音的研究，我们发现了非常明显的重音-声调匹配模式。除此主要模式外，缺省规则和语音对立最大化也对字母词声调的指派产生作用。这些次要模式的出现与这些借词在意义或用法上的特殊性有关。在字母词数据的基础上，我们试图说明前人基于普通汉语借词所提出的种种复杂的声调指派模式实际上是与汉字有关的外部因素带来的杂音。
A NEW RECONSTRUCTION OF CORONAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS *Tr- IN PROTO-Tai: EVIDENCE FROM CORE COGNATES SUCH AS “STONE”, “ROOT” AND “EYE” IN ZHUANG
原始台语*Tr-组舌尖复辅音声母构拟新探：基于壮语“石头”“根”“眼睛”等核心词声母的思考
Zhuo Yan
鄢卓
山东大学
南开大学
Xiaoyu Zeng
曾晓渝
南开大学
Abstract
Fang-kuei Li (1977) reconstructed, for Proto-Tai, a group of initial consonant clusters including *thr-, *dr- and *tr-, which were reflected similarly with other proto initials in mordern languages. This paper compares the initials of core cognates like “stone”, “root” and “eye” in Zhuang dialects as well as other Tai languages, and analyses relevant phonological typology of Kam-Tai languages. It further proposes to incorporate the initial consonant clusters of *Tr- (*thr-, *dr-, *tr-) into *hr-, *r- and *pr- respectively, which consists with the systematicness of phonology and the Occam’s razor. It argues that various correspondences of a given lexical set in some dialects can be due to recent heterization, which should not be used as direct evidence of reconstruction of different Proto-Tai forms. The reconstruction should allow the existence of irregular correspondences in a few dialects resulted from spontaneous changes in the late stage.
摘要
李方桂先生(Li 1977)为原始台语构拟了一组舌尖复辅音声母*thr-、*dr-、*tr-，这组声母在系统内部与其他声母的共时语音表现存在纠葛关系。文章通过分析壮语“石头”“根”“眼睛”等同源核心词的声母，结合台语各分支的共时语音表现，并参考侗台语言的语音类型特征，根据语音的系统性及“奥卡姆剃刀”原则，提出*Tr-组(*thr-、*dr-、*tr-)舌尖复辅音声母可分别归入*hr-、*r-、*pr-三声母的设想。文章认为个别方言点的语音差异可能是演变末端的异化形式，不宜作为原始台语音类构拟的直接依据，历史构拟应允许零星方言演化末端语音对应的参差。
ON THE METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING CHINESE MODAL ADVERBS
汉语情态副词研究的方法论思考
Caiying Yang
杨才英
暨南大学
Chunli Zhao
赵春利
暨南大学
Abstract
To explore the distribution of modal adverbs and their modal meanings, after reviewing research methods in previous studies of modal adverbs from different perspectives, this paper proposes four principles of methodology in the study of modal adverbs based on the theory of semantic grammar to discuss their nature and characteristics. First, the previous research methods on modal adverbs are divided into four categories in terms of grammatical theories and their research purpose: Traditional grammar based on sense of meaning classification, structural grammar based on syntactic structure, cognitive grammar based on cognitive modal interpretation and generative grammar based on hierarchically cartographic sorting. Secondly, the grammatical properties of modal adverbs are discussed applying the semantic grammar, i.e., sharing both the reference meaning of modality and the functional meaning relating to discourse, with four characteristics of the restriction of discourse relevance, the complexity of syntactic distribution, the difficulty of semantic extraction, and the difficulty of interpreting modal connotation. Thirdly, according to the nature and characteristics of modal adverbs, four principles of semantic grammar in the study of modal adverbs are put forward from the perspective of methodology: The principle of anchoring the discourse function referring to discourse relevance multi-layered from surface to deep, the principle of locating syntactic distribution relating to the syntactic structure from large to small, the principle of verifying the grammatical meaning semantically, and the principle of interpreting modal connotation according to modal causality. It suggests that the nature and characteristics of modal adverbs determines the scientific research methods, which in turn deepen the understanding of the nature and characteristics of modal adverbs.
摘要
为了精准定位情态副词的分布规律并据此提取其语义、情态，本文在综述并吸收前人基于不同语法理论而采取的不同研究方法的基础上，以语义语法为理论基础，根据情态副词的性质和特点，提出了四条方法论原则。第一，前人的研究方法大致可分为四类：传统语法基于语感的意义分类法、结构主义语法基于句法的分布辨义法、认知功能基于情态的认知解释法和生成语法基于层次的制图排序法。第二，根据语义语法理论，情态副词具有“指称情态而关联话语”的虚实兼备性和四个特点：话语关联的制约性、句法分布的复杂性、语义提取的难证性、情态内涵的难解性。第三，根据情态副词的性质和特点，语义语法研究情态副词需要坚持四条原则：基于话语关联论由表及里多层锚定话语功能的原则、基于句法制约论由大到小精确定位句法分布的原则、基于语义决定论形意兼顾多元证明语法意义的原则、基于情态因果论瞻前顾后系统解释情态内涵的原则。
